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African socialism
Arab socialism
Communism
Democratic socialism
Eco-socialism
Economic democracy
Guild socialism
Libertarian socialism
Melanesian socialism
Market socialism
Revolutionary socialism
Social anarchism
Social democracy
Socialist market economy
Third World socialism
Utopian socialism
Yellow socialism
Socialism is not a discrete philosophy of fixed doctrine and programme; its branches advocate a degree of social interventionism and economic interventionism, sometimes opposing each other — especially the reformists and the revolutionaries. Some require complete nationalization of the means of production, distribution, and exchange; social democrats propose selective nationalization of key national industries in mixed economies; libertarian socialists advocate co-operative worker ownership of the means of production; Marxists (some inspired by the Soviet economic model), advocate State-controlled, centrally-planned economies; Anarcho-syndicalists, Luxemburgists, the U.S. New Left favour decentralised ownership via co-operative workers' councils. In the 1970s and the 1980s, Yugoslavian, Hungarian, and Chinese Communists proposed market socialism combining co-operative State ownership and the free market exchange. [4] Socialist thought and organisation predate Socialism as ideology, which emerged in the first-half of the nineteenth century. In fifth-century Persia, the Mazdak proto-socialists challenged Noble and Clerical privilege, criticized private property to achieve an egalitarian society.[5] The Inca Empire, of the thirteenth century, is an early socialist empire — planned, large-scale economy; grain-house system; mandatory work schedules, et cetera. (Baudin, 1928)
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