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Social stigma is severe social disapproval of personal characteristics or beliefs that are against cultural norms. Social stigma often leads to marginalization. Examples of existing or historical social stigmas can be physical or mental disabilities, disorders or illnesses, as well as illegitimacy, skin tone or affiliation with a specific nationality, religion (or lack of religion[1][2]) or being deemed to be or proclaiming oneself to be of a certain ethnicity, in any of a myriad of geopolitical and corresponding sociopolitical contexts in various parts of the world. The perception or attribution, rightly or wrongly, of criminality carries a strong social stigma. Stigma comes in three forms[3] Firstly, overt or external deformations. Examples of this are scars, physical manifestations of anorexia nervosa, leprosy, or of a physical disability or social disability, such as obesity. Second, known deviations in personal traits. For example, drug addicts, alcoholics, and criminals are stigmatized in this way. Third, "tribal stigmas" are traits of an ethnicity, nation, or religion that is deemed to constitute a deviation from the what is perceived to be the prevailing normative ethnicity, nationality or religion.
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